https://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&feed=atom&action=historyDepth of Engagement - Revision history2024-03-28T17:00:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.27.0https://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=4017&oldid=prevKennywong at 10:22, 21 May 20082008-05-21T10:22:12Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:22, 21 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5" >Line 5:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made.  Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref>  Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made.  Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref>  Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Typesofdecision</del>.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Typesofdecision1</ins>.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and  J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and  J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=4015&oldid=prevKennywong at 09:33, 21 May 20082008-05-21T09:33:24Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:33, 21 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11" >Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figureiv</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JPG</del>|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arnsteinladder</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gif</ins>|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3970&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T14:03:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:03, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3969&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T14:03:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:03, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14" >Line 14:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3968&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T14:02:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:02, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3946&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T13:34:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:34, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and  J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and  J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3945&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T13:30:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:30, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7" >Line 7:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and  J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. </ins>has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3944&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T13:28:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:28, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made.  Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref>  Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure below).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made.  Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref>  Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I </ins>below).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure I: </ins>Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IV </del>(shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">II </ins>(shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure II: </ins>A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3943&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T13:27:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:27, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7" >Line 7:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Type of Decision to be Informed]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July 1969 A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>1969<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure IV (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure IV (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywonghttps://e-consultation.org/guide/index.php?title=Depth_of_Engagement&diff=3942&oldid=prevKennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */2008-05-12T13:27:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Depth of Engagement</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">←Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:27, 12 May 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July 1969 A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July 1969 A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal  </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’.  Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process.  The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions.  It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt.  Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them.  It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arnstein</del>" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure IV (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">arnstein</ins>" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted.  Figure IV (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation.  Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Kennywong